Author: Tone Toka
Co-Author: Tariku Geinoro
Country : Ethiopia
Subject : Animal Health
Abstract
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A successful vaccination program is dependent on many factors including vaccine handling, quality and nature of the vaccine, use of local antigens and immunogenic response inside the body of the bird and following the manufacturer’s instructions. The potential threat of disease outbreaks even in vaccinated flocks cannot be avoided completely due to vaccine failures. Vaccine failure could be because of host factors such as stress, interference with maternally derived antibodies, lack of genetic factors and vaccination for immunosuppressed flocks. Moreover, it could also be due to managemental, technical and practical errors such as:- use of inappropriate dosage, improper formulation of vaccine and diluent used, improper route of administration and untimely vaccination schedule, improper storage and use of expired vaccine. Better understanding of the causes of vaccine failure will result in identifying prophylactic measures regarding disease outbreaks in poultry flocks. However, these factors can be avoided by proper vaccine storage, use of an adjuvant, none use of expired vaccines, use of stabilizers, practicing proper vaccination schedule, preparing flocks for vaccination, supplementation of vitamins and minerals and following vaccine manufacturer’s guideline. Therefore, chicken farmers should follow strict biosecurity to prevent the outbreaks and vaccine manufacturers’ guidelines for storage, timing, and due dates, consult veterinarians before any vaccine administration and monitor the health status of chickens before vaccine administration.
Keywords: Antibody; Antigen; Poultry; Vaccination; Vaccine Failure.
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